Project Production Management Ontology
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Project Production Management Ontology

This version:
https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/0.0.5/
Latest version:
https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/
Authors:
Yuan Zheng, Aalto University
Lars-Fredrik Forberg, Mester Gruppen
Gunnar Skeie, Mester Gruppen
Imported Ontologies:
BOT
DiCon
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
http://insertlicenseURIhere.example.org
Cite as:
Mester Gruppen Project production management ontology (2025). Eds. Zheng, Y., Forberg, L., Skeie, G.
Copy Right
Mester Gruppen AS
Provenance of this page
Ontology Specification Draft

Introduction back to ToC

The Project Production Management (PPM) Ontology provides a structured, machine-readable framework for representing standardized organizational information and knowledge in Industrialized Construction (IC). It was developed to address a key challenge in IC: while construction firms increasingly adopt product and process standardization, the information supporting these practices remains fragmented, inconsistently structured, and difficult to reuse across projects.

The PPM Ontology formalizes critical concepts such as standardized work packages, job cards, and house models, enabling organizations to build a coherent digital knowledge base that supports planning, workflow control, and continuous learning.

To situate the ontology in context, Figure 1 illustrates the PPM Framework. This framework outlines the iterative processes of Specification, Planning and Production, and Learning. It shows how standardized information captured at each stage drives continuous improvement across projects, highlighting the need for a structured information model like the PPM Ontology.

Figure 1: The PPM Framework
Figure 1: The PPM Framework

The core structure of the PPM Ontology mirrors the key information dimensions needed for effective production management. As shown in Figure 2, the ontology is divided into four parts:

Figure 2: Architecture and Core Conceptualization of the PPM Ontology
Figure 2: Architecture and Core Conceptualization of the PPM Ontology

The PPM Ontology serves a diverse range of users:

As construction firms move toward more industrialized, data-driven practices, the PPM Ontology provides a robust, extensible foundation for managing organizational knowledge and enhancing operational efficiency. Future extensions aim to integrate the ontology with AI-based assistants and broader Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems, further supporting digital transformation in construction.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
dica<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Agents#>
dice<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Entities#>
dici<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Information#>
dicm<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Materials#>
dicp<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Processes#>
dicv<https://w3id.org/digitalconstruction/0.5/Variables#>
bot<https://w3id.org/bot#>
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
ppm<https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement>
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
xml<http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

Project Production Management Ontology:: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Cross-reference for PPM classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by PPM.

Classes

Apartmentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/Apartment

has super-classes
Zone c
is disjoint with
Storey c

Building Element Groupc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/BuildingElementGroup

A logical grouping of building elements that are functionally or spatially related. Used as the obejct group to organize the scope of work.
has super-classes
Group c
is in range of
has Related Building Element Group op

Building Element Modelc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/BuildingElementModel

has super-classes
Catalog c
is in domain of
includes Building Element Model Entry op
is in range of
has Building Element Model op, includes Building Element Model op
is disjoint with
House Model c, Job Card Specification c, Material List Specification c, Work Package Specification c

Building Element Model Entryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/BuildingElementModelEntry

A specific information container holds the specification information including design, topological relationship and element quantities of the BuildingElementModel.
has super-classes
Catalog Entry c
is in range of
includes Building Element Model Entry op
is disjoint with
House Model Entry c, Job Card Specification Entry c, Material List Specification Entry c, Work Package Specification Entry c

Crewc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/Crew

A set of workers working together for specific trades.
has super-classes
Agent c, Team c
is in domain of
has Trade op, participates op
is in range of
has Crew op

House Modelc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/HouseModel

House Model is a standard representation of a type building product (design), which is a catalog of building with same set of design features, configurations, and properties.
has super-classes
Catalog c
is in domain of
includes Building Element Model op, includes House Model Entry op
is in range of
has House Model op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model c, Job Card Specification c, Material List Specification c, Work Package Specification c

House Model Entryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/HouseModelEntry

The information container that holds the specification information including design, topological relationship and LBS of the House Model
has super-classes
Catalog Entry c
is in range of
includes House Model Entry op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model Entry c, Job Card Specification Entry c, Material List Specification Entry c, Work Package Specification Entry c

Job Cardc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/JobCard

A job card is a subset work of a work package that can be completed by a specific trade within a designated physical zone on the construction site. The maximum duration for the job card is one day. 
has super-classes
Activity c
is in domain of
has Crew op, has Job Card Specification op, has Material List op, has Related Building Element op, has Related Building Element Group op, has Trade op
is in range of
contains Job Card op, participates op

Job Card Specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/JobCardSpecification

A predefined template for setting job cards, specifying its setting informations such what types of activities, trades, or conditions etc.
has super-classes
Catalog c
is in domain of
includes Job Card Specification Entry op, includes Material List Specification op
is in range of
has Job Card Specification op, includes Job Card Specification op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model c, House Model c, Material List Specification c, Work Package Specification c

Job Card Specification Entryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/JobCardSpecificationEntry

The information container that holds the specification information including prerequisite, trade, default work rate, crew size of a JobCardSpecification
has super-classes
Catalog Entry c
is in range of
includes Job Card Specification Entry op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model Entry c, House Model Entry c, Material List Specification Entry c, Work Package Specification Entry c

Material Listc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/MaterialList

A compiled inventory of materials required for a specific activity, such as scope of work, work package, and job cards. Used for material allocation.
has super-classes
Group c
is in domain of
has Material List Specification op
is in range of
has Material List op

Material List Specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/MaterialListSpecification

A specification template defining the logic for material list based on the activities
has super-classes
Catalog c
is in domain of
includes Material List Specification Entry op
is in range of
has Material List Specification op, includes Material List Specification op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model c, House Model c, Job Card Specification c, Work Package Specification c

Material List Specification Entryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/MaterialListSpecificationEntry

The information container that holds the specification information of material list specifications.
has super-classes
Catalog Entry c
is in range of
includes Material List Specification Entry op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model Entry c, House Model Entry c, Job Card Specification Entry c, Work Package Specification Entry c

Scope Of Workc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/ScopeOfWork

The Scope of Work is a collective/group of activity contains all detialed activities (incl. JobCards and WorkPackages) performed on a certain Object (e.g. a Building Element) or a group of Objects (Building Elements) to bring the Object to a certain state. ​ ScopeOfWork may contain multiple Zones and multiple Trades. ​ Example: “All activities related to Surfaces – Walls”, “All activities related to Surfaces – Ceiling, “All activities related to Surfaces – Floor”. “Internal demolishing – Bathroom”.​ Building elements/building element group examples: external walls, internal walls. See below.​ ScopeOfWork should be named according to the relevant group of Objects, the name can also relate to a general location or “context” (e.g.external, internal)​ ScopeOfWork may be grouped into other ScopeOfWork, for example “Surfaces”, i.e. “All activities related to Surfaces”​ It can also be all activities related to the entire project, e.g. “Refurbishment of bathroom”​ ScopeOfWork corresponds to a post or line in an offer to the ROT customer. A post has a unique identifier, which varies from project to project.​ A WorkPackage is work description aimed at the customer​ EET project example: groundwork ​ Note: ScopeOfWork is not directly aligned with NS3451, but via BuildingElement
has super-classes
Activity c
is in domain of
contains Job Card op, contains Scope Of Work op, contains Work Package op, has Material List op, has Related Building Element op, has Related Building Element Group op
is in range of
contains Scope Of Work op

Storeyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/bot#Storey

has super-classes
Zone c
is disjoint with
Apartment c

Work Packagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/WorkPackage

A work package is a clearly defined scope of work that can be completed by a specific trade within a designated physical zone on the construction site. The maximum duration for the work package is one week. 
has super-classes
Activity c
is in domain of
contains Job Card op, has Crew op, has Material List op, has Related Building Element op, has Related Building Element Group op, has Trade op, has Work Package Specification op
is in range of
contains Work Package op, participates op

Work Package Specificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/WorkPackageSpecification

A catalog for specific information for setting a WP.  
has super-classes
Catalog c
is in domain of
includes Job Card Specification op, includes Material List Specification op, includes Work Package Specification Entry op
is in range of
has Work Package Specification op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model c, House Model c, Job Card Specification c, Material List Specification c

Work Package Specification Entryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/WorkPackageSpecificationEntry

The information container that holds the specification information including prerequisite, trade, default work rate, maximum duration and subcontractor information of a WorkPackageSpecification
has super-classes
Catalog Entry c
is in range of
includes Work Package Specification Entry op
is disjoint with
Building Element Model Entry c, House Model Entry c, Job Card Specification Entry c, Material List Specification Entry c

Zonec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/Zone

is equivalent to
Zone c
Location c
has super-classes
Site c
has sub-classes
Apartment c, Storey c

Object Properties

contains Job Cardop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/containsJobCard

has super-properties
has Sub Activity op
has domain
Scope Of Work c
Work Package c
Project c
has range
Job Card c

contains Scope Of Workop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/containsScopeOfWork

has super-properties
has Sub Activity op
has domain
Scope Of Work c
Project c
has range
Scope Of Work c

contains Work Packageop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/containsWorkPackage

has super-properties
has Sub Activity op
has domain
Scope Of Work c
Project c
has range
Work Package c

has Building Elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasBuildingElement

has super-properties
has Element op
has domain
Zone c
has range
Element c

has Building Element Modelop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasBuildingElementModel

has super-properties
is Topic Of op
has domain
Element c
has range
Building Element Model c

has Crewop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasCrew

has super-properties
has Executing Agent op
has domain
Job Card c
Work Package c
has range
Crew c

has Element Quantityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasElementQuantity

has super-properties
has Property op

has House Modelop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasHouseModel

has super-properties
is Topic Of op
has domain
Building c
has range
House Model c

has Job Card Specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasJobCardSpecification

has super-properties
is Topic Of op
has domain
Job Card c
has range
Job Card Specification c

has Material Listop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasMaterialList

has super-properties
has Material op
has domain
Job Card c
Scope Of Work c
Work Package c
has range
Material List c

has Material List Specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasMaterialListSpecification

has super-properties
is Topic Of op
has domain
Material List c
has range
Material List Specification c

has Material Quantityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasMaterialQuantity

has super-properties
has Property op

has Related Buildingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasRelatedBuilding

has super-properties
has Object op
has domain
Project c
has range
Building c

has Related Building Elementop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasRelatedBuildingElement

has super-properties
has Object op
has domain
Job Card c
Scope Of Work c
Work Package c
has range
Element c

has Related Building Element Groupop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasRelatedBuildingElementGroup

has super-properties
has Object op
has domain
Job Card c
Scope Of Work c
Work Package c
has range
Building Element Group c

has Tradeop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasTrade

has super-properties
has Property op
has domain
Crew c
Job Card c
Work Package c
has range
Trade c

has Work Package Specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/hasWorkPackageSpecification

has super-properties
is Topic Of op
has domain
Work Package c
has range
Work Package Specification c

includes Building Element Modelop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesBuildingElementModel

has super-properties
includes Model op
has domain
House Model c
has range
Building Element Model c

includes Building Element Model Entryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesBuildingElementModelEntry

has super-properties
includes Entry op
has domain
Building Element Model c
has range
Building Element Model Entry c

includes House Model Entryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesHouseModelEntry

has super-properties
includes Entry op
has domain
House Model c
has range
House Model Entry c

includes Job Card Specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesJobCardSpecification

has super-properties
includes Model op
has domain
Work Package Specification c
has range
Job Card Specification c

includes Job Card Specification Entryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesJobCardSpecificationEntry

has super-properties
includes Entry op
has domain
Job Card Specification c
has range
Job Card Specification Entry c

includes Material List Specificationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesMaterialListSpecification

has super-properties
includes Model op
has domain
Job Card Specification c
Work Package Specification c
has range
Material List Specification c

includes Material List Specification Entryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesMaterialListSpecificationEntry

has super-properties
includes Entry op
has domain
Material List Specification c
has range
Material List Specification Entry c

includes Work Package Specification Entryop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/includesWorkPackageSpecificationEntry

has super-properties
includes Entry op
has domain
Work Package Specification c
has range
Work Package Specification Entry c

participatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://mestergruppen.no/ontologies/projectproductionmanagement/participates

has super-properties
is Agent In op
has domain
Crew c
has range
Job Card c
Work Package c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties

References back to ToC

Add your references here. It is recommended to have them as a list.

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.